Fundamentals of Dependable Computing for Software Engineers – John Knight – 1st Edition

Introduction
The Elements of Dependability
The Role of the Software Engineer
Our Dependence on Computers
Some Regrettable Failures
Consequences of Failure
The Need for Dependability
Systems and Their Dependability Requirements
Where Do We Go from Here?
Organization of This Book

Dependability Requirements
Why We Need Dependability Requirements
The Evolution of Dependability Concepts
The Role of Terminology
What Is a System?
Requirements and Specification
Failure
Dependability and Its Attributes
Systems, Software and Dependability
Defining Dependability Requirements
As Low as Is Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)

Errors, Faults, and Hazards
Errors
The Complexity of Erroneous States
Faults and Dependability
The Manifestation of Faults
Degradation Faults
Design Faults
Byzantine Faults
Component Failure Semantics
Fundamental Principle of Dependability
Anticipated Faults
Hazards
Engineering Dependable Systems

Dependability Analysis
Anticipating Faults
Generalizing the Notion of Hazard
Fault Tree Analysis
Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis
Hazard and Operability Analysis

Dealing with Faults
Faults and Their Treatment
Fault Avoidance
Fault Elimination
Fault Tolerance
Fault Forecasting
Applying the Four Approaches to Fault Treatment
Dealing with Byzantine Faults

Degradation Faults and Software
Impact on Software
Redundancy
Redundant Architectures
Quantifying the Benefits of Redundancy
Distributed Systems and Fail Stop Computers

Software Dependability
Faults and the Software Lifecycle
Formal Techniques
Verification by Model Checking
Correctness by Construction
Approaches to Correctness by Construction
Correctness by Construction — Synthesis
Correctness by Construction — Refinement
Software Fault Avoidance
Software Fault Elimination
Managing Software Fault Avoidance and Elimination
Misconceptions about Software Dependability

Software Fault Avoidance in Specification
The Role of Specification
Difficulties with Natural Languages
Specification Difficulties
Formal Languages
Model-Based Specification
The Declarative Language Z
A Simple Example
A Detailed Example
Overview of Formal Specification Development

Software Fault Avoidance in Implementation
Implementing Software
Programming Languages
An Overview of Ada
Programming Standards
Correctness by Construction — SPARK

Software Fault Elimination
Why Fault Elimination?
Inspection
Testing

Software Fault Tolerance
Components Subject to Design Faults
Issues with Design Fault Tolerance
Software Replication
Design Diversity
Data Diversity
Targeted Fault Tolerance

Dependability Assessment
Approaches to Assessment
Quantitative Assessment
Prescriptive Standards
Rigorous Arguments
Applicability of Argumentation

Bibliography