Building Design And Construction Handbook – Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts – 6th Edition

Contributors xxi
Preface xxiii

Section 1 System Fundamentals Jonathan T. Ricketts 1.1
1.1 Principles of Architecture / 1.1
1.2 Systems Design and Analysis / 1.3
1.3 Traditional Design Procedures / 1.4
1.4 Traditional Construction Procedures / 1.5
1.5 Role of the Client in Design and Construction / 1.8
1.6 Building Costs / 1.8
1.7 Major Building Systems / 1.9
1.8 Value Engineering / 1.22
1.9 Execution of Systems Design / 1.29
1.10 Building Codes / 1.36
1.11 Zoning Codes / 1.38
1.12 Other Regulations / 1.40
1.13 Systems Design by Team / 1.40
1.14 Project Peer Review / 1.41
1.15 Application of Systems Design / 1.41

Section 2 The Building Team-Managing the Building Process Alan D. Hinklin 2.1
2.1 Professional and Business Requirements of Architectural Engineers / 2.2
2.2 Client Objectives for Buildings / 2.2
2.3 Program Definition / 2.4
2.4 Organization of the Building Team / 2.4
2.5 Client-A/E Agreement / 2.6
2.6 A/E Liability and Insurance / 2.8
2.7 Definition of Project Phases / 2.10
2.8 Scheduling and Personnel Assignments / 2.11
2.9 Accelerated Design and Construction / 2.12
2.10 Design Management / 2.13
2.11 Internal Record Keeping / 2.14
2.12 Codes and Regulations / 2.14
2.13 Permits / 2.15
2.14 Energy Conservation / 2.16
2.15 The Interior Environment / 2.16
2.16 Cost Estimating and Value Engineering / 2.18
2.17 Technical Specifications / 2.18
2.18 Upfront Documents / 2.22
2.19 Quality Control for Architects and Engineers / 2.23
2.20 Bidding and Contract Award / 2.24
2.21 Construction Scheduling / 2.24
2.22 Shop Drawing Review / 2.25
2.23 Role of Architect or Engineer During Construction / 2.26
2.24 Testing and Balancing of Building Systems / 2.29
2.25 Postconstruction Operation and Maintenance / 2.29
2.26 Record Drawings / 2.30
2.27 Follow-Up Interviews / 2.30
2.28 Management of Disputes / 2.30
2.29 Professional Ethics / 2.31

Section 3 Protection against Hazards David W. Mock 3.1
3.1 Risk Management / 3.1
3.2 Wind Protection / 3.3
3.3 Protection against Earthquakes / 3.11
3.4 Protection against Water / 3.15
3.5 Protection against Fire / 3.28
3.6 Lightning Protection / 3.48
3.7 Protection against Intruders / 3.50
Section 4 Building Materials David J. Akers 4.1
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
4.1 Types of Cementitious Materials / 4.1
4.2 Portland Cements / 4.2
4.3 Aluminous Cements / 4.5
4.4 Natural Cements / 4.6
4.5 Limes / 4.6
4.6 Low-Temperature Gypsum Derivatives / 4.8
4.7 Oxychloride Cements / 4.9
4.8 Masonry Cements / 4.9
4.9 Fly Ashes / 4.9
4.10 Silica Fume (Microsilica) / 4.10
AGGREGATES
4.11 Normal-Weight Aggregates / 4.11
4.12 Heavyweight and Lightweight Aggregates / 4.14
ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE
4.13 Chemical and Mineral Admixtures / 4.14
4.14 Fibers for Concrete Mixes / 4.18
4.15 Miscellaneous Admixtures / 4.19
MORTARS AND CONCRETES
4.16 Mortars / 4.19
4.17 Portland-Cement Concrete / 4.21
4.18 Polymer Concretes / 4.26
4.19 Concrete Masonry Units / 4.27
BURNED-CLAY UNITS
4.20 Brick-Clay or Shale / 4.28
4.21 Structural Clay Tile / 4.30
4.22 Ceramic Tiles / 4.32
4.23 Architectural Terra Cotta / 4.32
BUILDING STONES
4.24 Properties of Building Stones / 4.32
4.25 Freezing and Thawing of Stone / 4.35
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
4.26 Gypsumboard / 4.35
4.27 Gypsum Lath / 4.37
4.28 Gypsum Sheathing Board / 4.37
4.29 Gypsum Partition Tile or Block / 4.37
4.30 Gypsum Plank / 4.37
GLASS AND GLASS BLOCK
4.31 Window Glass / 4.38
4.32 Glass Block / 4.40
WOOD
4.33 Mechanical Properties of Wood / 4.44
4.34 Effects of Hygroscopic Properties of Wood / 4.44
4.35 Commercial Grades of Wood / 4.46
4.36 Destroyers and Preservatives / 4.48
4.37 Glues and Adhesives for Wood / 4.50
4.38 Plywood and Other Fabricated Wood Boards / 4.51
4.39 Wood Bibliography / 4.52
STEEL AND STEEL ALLOYS
4.40 Types of Irons and Steels / 4.52
4.41 Properties of Structural Steels / 4.58
4.42 Heat Treatment and Hardening of Steels / 4.61
4.43 Effects of Grain Size / 4.62
4.44 Steel Alloys / 4.62
4.45 Welding Ferrous Materials / 4.68
4.46 Effects of Steel Production Methods / 4.70
4.47 Effects of Hot Rolling / 4.72
4.48 Effects of Punching and Shearing / 4.73
4.49 Corrosion of Iron and Steel / 4.74
4.50 Steel and Steel Alloy Bibliography / 4.75
ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM-BASED ALLOYS
4.51 Aluminum-Alloy Designations / 4.75
4.52 Finishes for Aluminum / 4.76
4.53 Structural Aluminum / 4.76
4.54 Welding and Brazing of Aluminum / 4.77
4.55 Bolted and Riveted Aluminum Connections / 4.79
4.56 Prevention of Corrosion of Aluminum / 4.79
4.57 Aluminum Bibliography / 4.80
COPPER AND COPPER-BASED ALLOYS
4.58 Copper / 4.80
4.59 Brass / 4.81
4.60 Nickel Silvers / 4.82
4.61 Cupronickel / 4.83
4.62 Bronze / 4.83
4.63 Copper Bibliography / 4.84
LEAD AND LEAD-BASED ALLOYS
4.64 Applications of Lead / 4.84
4.65 Lead Bibliography / 4.85
NICKEL AND NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS
4.66 Properties of Nickel and Its Alloys / 4.85
4.67 Nickel Bibliography / 4.86
PLASTICS
4.68 General Properties of Plastics / 4.86
4.69 Fillers and Plasticizers / 4.87
4.70 Molding and Fabricating Methods for Plastics / 4.87
viii CONTENTS
4.71 Thermosetting Plastics / 4.88
4.72 Thermoplastic Resins / 4.90
4.73 Elastomers, or Synthetic Rubbers / 4.92
COMBINATION OF PLASTICS AND OTHER MATERIALS
4.74 High-Pressure Laminates / 4.93
4.75 Reinforced Plastics / 4.93
4.76 Laminated Rubber / 4.94
4.77 Plastics Bibliography / 4.95
PORCELAIN-ENAMELED PRODUCTS
4.78 Porcelain Enamel on Metal / 4.96
4.79 Porcelain Bibliography / 4.96
ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS PRODUCTS
4.80 Asphalts for Dampproofing and Waterproofing / 4.97
4.81 Bituminous Roofing / 4.97
4.82 Asphalt Shingles / 4.98
4.83 Asphalt Mastics and Grouts / 4.99
4.84 Bituminous Pavements / 4.99
4.85 Asphalt Bibliography / 4.99
JOINT SEALS
4.86 Calking Compounds / 4.100
4.87 Sealants / 4.100
4.88 Gaskets / 4.101
4.89 Joint Seals Bibliography / 4.101
PAINTS AND OTHER COATINGS
4.90 Vehicles or Binders / 4.102
4.91 Pigments for Paints / 4.103
4.92 Resins for Paints / 4.104
4.93 Coatings Bibliography / 4.105

Section 5 Structural Theory Akbar Tamboli, Michael Xing, and Mohsin Ahmed
5.1 Design Loads / 5.2
5.2 Stress and Strain / 5.17
5.3 Stresses at a Point / 5.24
5.4 Torsion / 5.28
5.5 Straight Beams / 5.30
5.6 Curved Beams / 5.52
5.7 Buckling of Columns / 5.58
5.8 Graphic-Statics Fundamentals / 5.62
5.9 Roof Trusses / 5.63
5.10 General Tools for Structural Analysis / 5.67
5.11 Continuous Beams and Frames / 5.78
5.12 Load Distribution to Bents and Shear Walls / 5.101
5.13 Finite-Element Methods / 5.110
5.14 Stresses in Arches / 5.115
5.15 Thin-Shell Structures / 5.119
5.16 Cable-Supported Structures / 5.128
5.17 Air-Stabilized Structures / 5.138
5.18 Structural Dynamics / 5.140
5.19 Earthquake Loads / 5.162
5.20 Floor Vibrations / 5.183
5.21 Wiss and Parmelee Rating Factor for Transient Vibrations / 5.185
5.22 Reiher-Meister Scale for Steady-State Vibrations / 5.186
5.23 Murray Criterion for Walking Vibrations / 5.188

Section 6 Soil Mechanics and Foundations Robert W. Day 6.1
6.1 Introduction / 6.1
6.2 Field Exploration / 6.3
6.3 Laboratory Testing / 6.23
6.4 Effective Stress and Stress Distribution / 6.43
6.5 Settlement Analyses / 6.50
6.6 Bearing Capacity Analyses / 6.61
6.7 Retaining Walls / 6.76
6.8 Foundations / 6.88
6.9 Foundation Excavations / 6.96
6.10 Grading and Other Site Improvement Methods / 6.97
6.11 Geosynthetics / 6.115

Section 7 Structural Steel Construction Bruce Glidden 7.1
7.1 Codes and Specifications / 7.2
7.2 Mill Materials / 7.2
7.3 Fasteners / 7.8
7.4 Fabrication / 7.17
7.5 Quality Assurance / 7.17
STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEMS
7.6 Wall Bearing Framing / 7.18
7.7 Skeleton Framing / 7.20
7.8 Long-Span Framing / 7.22
7.9 Steel and Concrete Framing / 7.29
BRACING SYSTEMS
7.10 Bracing Design Considerations / 7.30
7.11 Frame Bracing / 7.31
7.12 Bracing for Individual Members / 7.36
FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS
7.13 Floor-Framing Design Considerations / 7.39
7.14 Roof Framing Systems / 7.44
DESIGN OF MEMBERS
7.15 Bases for ASD and LRFD / 7.44
7.16 Design Aids and References / 7.45
7.17 Serviceability Criteria / 7.47
7.18 Tension Members / 7.49
7.19 Columns and Other Compression Members / 7.50
7.20 Beams and Other Flexural Members / 7.57
7.21 Plate Girders / 7.67
7.22 Web or Flange Load-Bearing Stiffeners / 7.76
7.23 Bearing / 7.79
7.24 Combined Axial Compression and Bending / 7.80
7.25 Combined Axial Tension and Bending / 7.82
7.26 Composite Construction / 7.83
7.27 Members Subject to Torsion / 7.89
7.28 Members Subject to Cyclic Loading / 7.90
DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
7.29 Combinations of Fasteners / 7.91
7.30 Load Capacity of Bolts / 7.91
7.31 Load Capacity of Welds / 7.93
7.32 Bearing-Type Bolted Connections / 7.96
7.33 Slip-Critical Bolted Connections / 7.100
7.34 Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connections / 7.101
7.35 Types of Beam Connections / 7.103
7.36 Beams Splices / 7.113
7.37 Column Splices / 7.114
STEEL ERECTION
7.38 Erection Equipment / 7.117
7.39 Clearance for Erecting Beams / 7.117
7.40 Erection Sequence / 7.119
7.41 Field-Welding Procedures / 7.120
7.42 Erection Tolerances / 7.121
7.43 Adjusting Lintels / 7.123
CORROSION PROTECTION
7.44 Corrosion of Steel / 7.124
7.45 Painting Steel Structures / 7.125
7.46 Paint Systems / 7.125
7.47 Field-Painting Steel / 7.126
7.48 Steel in Contact with Concrete / 7.127
FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
7.49 Effect of Heat on Steel / 7.129
7.50 Fire Protection of Exterior / 7.129
7.51 Materials for Improving Fire Resistance / 7.130
7.52 Pierced Ceilings and Floors / 7.131
7.53 Fire-Resistance Ratings / 7.133
7.54 Bibliography / 7.134

Section 8 Cold-Formed Steel Construction Don S. Wolford and Wei-Wen Yu 8.1
COLD-FORMED SHAPES
8.1 Material for Cold-Formed Steel Shapes / 8.2
8.2 Utilization of Cold Work of Forming / 8.7
8.3 Types of Cold-Formed Shapes / 8.8
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR COLD-FORMED STEEL SHAPES
8.4 Some Basic Concepts of Cold-Formed Steel Design / 8.10
8.5 Structural Behavior of Flat Compression Elements / 8.14
8.6 Unstiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling / 8.17
8.7 Stiffened Cold-Formed Elements Subject to Local Buckling / 8.17
8.8 Application of Effective Widths / 8.21
8.9 Maximum Flat-Width Ratios of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.22
8.10 Unit Stresses for Cold-Formed Steel / 8.22
8.11 Laterally Unsupported Cold-Formed Beams / 8.22
8.12 Allowable Shear Strength in Webs / 8.23
8.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members / 8.23
8.14 Combined Axial and Bending Stresses / 8.25
JOINING OF COLD-FORMED STEEL
8.15 Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.25
8.16 Arc Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.26
8.17 Resistance Welding of Cold-Formed Steel / 8.31
8.18 Bolting of Cold-Formed Steel Members / 8.33
8.19 Self-Tapping Screws for Joining Sheet Steel Components / 8.40
8.20 Special Fasteners for Cold-Formed Steel / 8.41
COLD-FORMED STEEL FLOOR, ROOF, AND WALL CONSTRUCTION
8.21 Steel Roof Deck / 8.42
8.22 Cellular Steel Floor and Roof Panels / 8.47
8.23 Corrugated Sheets for Roofing, Siding, and Decking / 8.50
8.24 Lightweight Steel Metric Sheeting / 8.53
8.25 Stainless Steel Structural Design / 8.54
PREENGINEERED STEEL BUILDINGS
8.26 Characteristics of Preengineered Steel Buildings / 8.55
8.27 Structural Design of Preengineered Buildings / 8.56
OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
8.28 Design of Open-Web Steel Joists / 8.57
8.29 Construction Details for Open-Web Steel Joists / 8.59

Section 9 Concrete Construction Edward S. Hoffman and David P. Gustafson 9.1
CONCRETE AND ITS INGREDIENTS
9.1 Cementitious Materials / 9.1
9.2 Cements / 9.2
9.3 Aggregates / 9.2
9.4 Proportioning Concrete Mixes / 9.3
9.5 Yield Calculation / 9.6
9.6 Properties and Tests of Fresh (Plastic) Concrete / 9.7
9.7 Properties and Tests of Hardened Concrete / 9.8
9.8 Measuring and Mixing Concrete Ingredients / 9.10
9.9 Admixtures / 9.11
QUALITY CONTROL
9.10 Mix Design / 9.14
9.11 Check Tests of Materials / 9.17
9.12 At the Mixing Plant-Yield Adjustments / 9.17
9.13 At the Placing Point-Slump Adjustments / 9.18
9.14 Strength Tests / 9.18
9.15 Test Evaluation / 9.21
FORMWORK
9.16 Responsibility for Formwork / 9.22
9.17 Materials and Accessories for Forms / 9.22
9.18 Loads on Formwork / 9.22
9.19 Form Removal and Reshoring / 9.25
9.20 Special Forms / 9.26
9.21 Inspection of Formwork / 9.26
REINFORCEMENT
9.22 Reinforcing Bars / 9.26
9.23 Welded-Wire Fabric (WWF) / 9.28
9.24 Prestressing Steel / 9.29
9.25 Fabrication and Placing of Rebars / 9.29
9.26 Bar Supports / 9.32
9.27 Inspection of Reinforcement / 9.33
CONCRETE PLACEMENT
9.28 Good Practice / 9.34
9.29 Methods of Placing / 9.34
9.30 Excess Water / 9.34
9.31 Consolidation / 9.35
9.32 Concreting Vertical Elements / 9.35
9.33 Concreting Horizontal Elements / 9.36
9.34 Bonding to Hardened Concrete / 9.37
9.35 Heavy-Duty Floor Finishes / 9.37
9.36 Concreting in Cold Weather / 9.38
9.37 Concreting in Hot Weather / 9.38
9.38 Curing Concrete / 9.39
9.39 Joints in Concrete / 9.40
9.40 Inspection of Concrete Placement / 9.41
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
9.41 Analyses of One-Way Floor and Roof Systems / 9.42
9.42 Two-Way Slab Frames / 9.44
9.43 Special Analyses / 9.45
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
9.44 Strength Design with Factored Loads / 9.45
9.45 Allowable-Stress Design at Service Loads (Alternative Design Method) / 9.47
9.46 Strength Design for Flexure / 9.49
9.47 Shear in Flexural Members / 9.53
9.48 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members / 9.55
9.49 Development, Anchorage, and Splices of Reinforcement / 9.58
9.50 Crack Control / 9.70
9.51 Deflection of Reinforced-Concrete Beams and Slabs / 9.71
ONE-WAY REINFORCED-CONCRETE SLABS
9.52 Analysis and Design of One-Way Slabs / 9.75
9.53 Embedded Pipes in One-Way Slabs / 9.77
ONE-WAY CONCRETE-JOIST CONSTRUCTION
9.54 Standard Sizes of Joists / 9.79
9.55 Design of One-Way Concrete-Joist Construction / 9.79
9.56 Reinforcement of Joists for Flexure / 9.80
9.57 Shear in Joists / 9.81
9.58 Wide-Module Joist Construction / 9.82
TWO-WAY SLAB CONSTRUCTION
9.59 Analysis and Design of Flat Plates / 9.84
9.60 Flat Slabs / 9.90
9.61 Two-Way Slabs on Beams / 9.92
9.62 Estimating Guide for Two-Way Construction / 9.93
BEAMS
9.63 Definitions of Flexural Members / 9.94
9.64 Flexural Reinforcement / 9.94
9.65 Reinforcement for Shear and Flexure / 9.98
9.66 Reinforcement for Torsion and Shear / 9.100
9.67 Crack Control in Beams / 9.100
WALLS
9.68 Bearing Walls / 9.101
9.69 Nonbearing Walls / 9.103
9.70 Cantilever Retaining Walls / 9.103
9.71 Counterfort Retaining Walls / 9.105
9.72 Retaining Walls Supported on Four Sides / 9.106
FOUNDATIONS
9.73 Types of Foundations / 9.106
9.74 General Design Principles for Foundations / 9.107
9.75 Spread Footings for Walls / 9.110
9.76 Spread Footings for Individual Columns / 9.111
9.77 Combined Spread Footings / 9.112
9.78 Strap Footings / 9.114
9.79 Mat Foundations / 9.115
9.80 Pile Foundations / 9.115
9.81 Drilled-Pier Foundations / 9.117
COLUMNS
9.82 Basic Assumptions for Strength Design of Columns / 9.118
9.83 Design Requirements for Columns / 9.122
9.84 Column Ties and Tie Patterns / 9.124
9.85 Biaxial Bending of Columns / 9.124
9.86 Slenderness Effects on Concrete Columns / 9.125
9.87 Economy in Column Design / 9.128
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
9.88 Deep Beams / 9.129
9.89 Shear Walls / 9.131
9.90 Reinforced-Concrete Arches / 9.133
9.91 Reinforced-Concete Thin Shells / 9.134
9.92 Concrete Folded Plates / 9.136
9.93 Slabs on Grade / 9.137
9.94 Seismic-Resistant Concrete Construction / 9.138
9.95 Composite Flexural Members / 9.138
PRECAST-CONCRETE MEMBERS
9.96 Design Methods for Precast Members / 9.140
9.97 Reinforcement Cover in Precast Members / 9.140
9.98 Tolerances for Precast Construction / 9.140
9.99 Accelerated Curing / 9.141
9.100 Precast Floor and Roof Systems / 9.141
9.101 Precast Ribbed Slabs, Folded Plates, and Shells / 9.142
9.102 Wall Panels / 9.142
9.103 Lift Slabs / 9.144
PRESTRESSED-CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
9.104 Basic Principles of Prestressed Concrete / 9.144
9.105 Losses in Prestress / 9.145
9.106 Allowable Stresses at Service Loads / 9.147
9.107 Design Procedure for Prestressed-Concrete Beams / 9.149
9.108 Flexural-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete / 9.149
9.109 Shear-Strength Design of Prestressed Concrete / 9.151
9.110 Bond, Development, and Grouting of Tendons / 9.153
9.111 Application and Measurement of Prestress / 9.155
9.112 Concrete Cover in Prestressed Members / 9.155

Section 10 Wood Construction John ‘‘Buddy’’ Showalter and Thomas G. Williamson 10.1
10.1 Basic Characteristics of Wood / 10.1
10.2 Sectional Properties of Wood Products / 10.6
10.3 Design Values for Lumber and Timber / 10.10
10.4 Structural Grading of Wood / 10.11
10.5 Adjustment Factors for Structural Members / 10.11
10.6 Pressure-Preservative Treatments for Wood / 10.19
10.7 Design Provisions for Flexural Members / 10.21
10.8 Wood Compression Members / 10.28
10.9 Tension Members / 10.30
10.10 Combined Bending and Axial Loading / 10.30
10.11 Bearing Stresses / 10.32
10.12 Structural Panels / 10.33
10.13 Design Values for Mechanical Connections / 10.51
10.14 Adjustment of Design Values for Connections / 10.51
10.15 Bolts / 10.59
10.16 Lag Screws / 10.60
10.17 Split-Ring and Shear-Plate Connectors / 10.61
10.18 Wood Screws / 10.63
10.19 Nails and Spikes / 10.65
10.20 Structural Framing Connections / 10.66
10.21 Glued Fastenings / 10.66
10.22 Wood Trusses / 10.68
10.23 Design of Timber Arches / 10.72
10.24 Timber Decking / 10.73
10.25 Wood-Frame Construction / 10.76
10.26 Permanent Wood Foundations / 10.80
10.27 Post Frame and Pole Construction / 10.81
10.28 Design for Fire Safety / 10.83
10.29 Timber Fabrication and Erection / 10.85
10.30 Engineered Glued Wood Products / 10.89

Section 11 Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Systems Frederick S. Merritt 11.1
MASONRY WALLS
11.1 Masonry Definitions / 11.2
11.2 Quality of Materials for Masonry / 11.5
11.3 Construction of Masonry / 11.8
11.4 Lateral Support for Masonry Walls / 11.16
11.5 Chimneys and Fireplaces / 11.18
11.6 Provisions for Dimensional Changes / 11.19
11.7 Repair of Leaky Joints / 11.21
11.8 Masonry-Thickness Requirements / 11.22
11.9 Determination of Masonry Compressive Strength / 11.24
11.10 Allowable Stresses in Masonry / 11.25
11.11 Floor-Wall Connections / 11.31
11.12 Glass Block / 11.33
11.13 Masonry Bibliography / 11.34
STUD WALLS
11.14 Stud-Wall Construction / 11.35
11.15 Sheathing / 11.37
CURTAIN WALLS
11.16 Functional Requirements of Curtain Walls / 11.37
11.17 Wood Facades / 11.38
11.18 Wall Shingles and Siding / 11.39
11.19 Stucco / 11.39
11.20 Precast-Concrete or Metal and Glass Facings / 11.40
11.21 Sandwich Panels / 11.41
PARTITIONS
11.22 Types of Partitions / 11.43
11.23 Structural Requirements of Partitions / 11.44
PLASTER AND GYPSUMBOARD
11.24 Plaster and Gypsumboard Construction Terms / 11.45
11.25 Plaster Finishes / 11.53
11.26 Gypsumboard Finishes / 11.62
11.27 Isolation and Control Joints in Gypsumboard Construction / 11.70
CERAMIC-TILE CONSTRUCTION
11.28 Types of Ceramic Tile / 11.72
11.29 Tile Installation Methods / 11.73
PANEL FINISHES
11.30 Plywood Finishes / 11.77
11.31 Other Types of Panel Finishes / 11.78
FLOOR SYSTEMS
11.32 Asphalt Tiles / 11.78
11.33 Cork Tiles / 11.79
11.34 Vinyl Flooring / 11.79
11.35 Rubber Flooring / 11.80
11.36 Installation of Thin Coverings / 11.80
11.37 Carpets / 11.82
11.38 Terrazzo / 11.83
11.39 Concrete Floors / 11.84
11.40 Wood Floors / 11.84
11.41 Industrial Floors / 11.85
11.42 Conductive Flooring / 11.86
11.43 Specifications and Standards for Flooring / 11.86
WINDOWS
11.44 Window Selection / 11.87
11.45 Window Definitions / 11.87
11.46 Modular Coordination of Windows / 11.89
11.47 Window Sash Materials / 11.89
11.48 Glazing / 11.93
11.49 Window Types / 11.98
11.50 Windows in Wall-Panel Construction / 11.106
11.51 Mechanical Operators for Windows / 11.107
DOORS
11.52 Traffic Flow and Safety / 11.109
11.53 Structural Requirements for Openings and Doors / 11.110
11.54 Ordinary Doors / 11.110
11.55 Fire and Smokestop Doors / 11.118
11.56 Revolving Doors / 11.120
11.57 Large Horizontally Sliding Doors / 11.120
11.58 Large Vertically Sliding Doors / 11.121
11.59 Large Swinging Doors / 11.122
11.60 Horizontally Hinged Doors / 11.123
11.61 Radiation-Shielding Doors / 11.123
BUILDERS’ HARDWARE
11.62 Selection of Hardware / 11.124
11.63 Effects of Codes and Regulations on Hardware / 11.125
11.64 Standards for Finishing Hardware / 11.125
11.65 Hinges and Butts / 11.126
11.66 Door-Closing Devices / 11.131
11.67 Locks, Latches, and Keys / 11.132
11.68 Window Hardware / 11.136
11.69 Inserts, Anchors, and Hangers / 11.137
11.70 Nails / 11.138
11.71 Screws / 11.139
11.72 Welded Studs / 11.141
11.73 Powder-Driven Studs / 11.143
11.74 Bolts / 11.144
ACOUSTICS
11.75 Sound Production and Transmission / 11.145
11.76 Nomenclature for Analysis of Sound / 11.145
11.77 Sound Characteristics and Effects on Hearing / 11.146
11.78 Measurement of Sound / 11.149
11.79 Sound and Vibration Control / 11.151
11.80 Acoustical Performance Data / 11.162
11.81 Acoustical Criteria / 11.164
11.82 Helpful Hints for Noise Control / 11.166
11.83 Acoustics Bibliography / 11.169

Section 12 Roof Systems Dave Flickinger 12.1
ROOF MATERIALS
12.1 Roof Decks / 12.1
12.2 Vapor Retarders / 12.2
12.3 Roof Insulation / 12.4
12.4 Low-Slope Roof Coverings / 12.5
12.5 Steep-Slope Roof Coverings / 12.13
12.6 Need for Familiarity with Roof Design / 12.17
12.7 Building Owners’ Responsibility / 12.18
12.8 Building-Code Provisions for Roofs / 12.18
12.9 Effects of Climate / 12.18
12.10 Effects of Roof Size, Shape, and Slope / 12.19
12.11 Deck Suitability / 12.20
12.12 Effects of Rooftop Traffic / 12.20
12.13 Esthetic Considerations / 12.20
12.14 Effects of Wind on Roofs / 12.21
12.15 Protected Membrane Roofs and Plaza Decks / 12.21
12.16 Preroofing Conference / 12.21
12.17 Warranties / 12.22
12.18 Roof Maintenance / 12.22
12.19 Reroofing / 12.23
12.20 Roofing Industry Associations and Related Organizations / 12.24
12.21 Roof Systems Bibliography / 12.28

Section 13 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Lawrence E. McCabe 13.1
13.1 Definitions of Terms of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) / 13.1
13.2 Heat and Humidity / 13.7
13.3 Major Factors in HVAC Design / 13.16
13.4 Ventilation / 13.27
13.5 Movement of Air with Fans / 13.31
13.6 Duct Design / 13.14
13.7 Heat Losses / 13.35
13.8 Heat Gains / 13.37
METHODS OF HEATING BUILDINGS
13.9 General Procedure for Sizing a Heating Plant / 13.41
13.10 Heating-Load-Calculation Example / 13.43
13.11 Warm-Air Heating / 13.45
13.12 Hot-Water Heating Systems / 13.49
13.13 Steam-Heating Systems / 13.53
13.14 Unit Heaters / 13.56
13.15 Radiant Heating / 13.57
13.16 Snow Melting / 13.59
13.17 Radiators and Convectors / 13.60
13.18 Heat Pumps / 13.62
13.19 Solar Heating / 13.62
METHODS OF COOLING AND AIR CONDITIONING
13.20 Sizing an Air-Conditioning Plant / 13.65
13.21 Refrigeration Cycles / 13.69
13.22 Air-Distribution Temperature for Cooling / 13.71
13.23 Condensers / 13.72
13.24 Compressor-Motor Units / 13.73
13.25 Cooling Equipment-Central Plant Packaged Units / 13.74
13.26 Zoning / 13.76
13.27 Packaged Air-Conditioning Units / 13.76
13.28 Absorption Units for Cooling / 13.78
13.29 Ducts for Air Conditioning / 13.79
13.30 Built-Up Air-Conditioning Units / 13.82
13.31 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems / 13.82
13.32 Air-Water Systems / 13.85
13.33 Control Systems for Air Conditioning / 13.33
13.34 Heating and Air Conditioning / 13.89
13.35 Control of Computerized HVAC Systems / 13.90
13.36 Direct Digital Control / 13.92
13.37 Industrial Air Conditioning / 13.93
13.38 Chemical Cooling / 13.94
13.39 Year-Round Air Conditioning / 13.94

Section 14 PlumbingWater-Supply, Sprinkler, and
Wastewater Systems Gregory P. Gladfelter and Brian L. Olsen 14.1
14.1 Plumbing and Fire Prevention Codes / 14.1
14.2 Health Requirements for Plumbing / 14.2
14.3 Water Quality / 14.3
14.4 Water Treatment / 14.5
14.5 Water Quantity and Pressures / 14.6
14.6 Water Distribution in Buildings / 14.7
14.7 Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment / 14.13
14.8 Water Demand and Fixture Units / 14.19
14.9 Water-Pipe Sizing / 14.21
14.10 Domestic Water Heaters / 14.29
WASTEWATER PIPING
14.11 Wastewater Disposal / 14.31
14.12 Sewers / 14.34
14.13 Wastewater-System Elements / 14.36
14.14 Waste-Pipe Materials / 14.38
14.15 Layout of Waste Piping / 14.38
14.16 Interceptors / 14.39
14.17 Piping for Indirect Wastes / 14.39
14.18 Rainwater Drainage / 14.40
14.19 Waste-Pipe Sizing / 14.43
14.20 Venting / 14.45
14.21 Plumbing-System Inspection and Tests / 14.48
GAS PIPING
14.22 Gas Supply / 14.49
14.23 Gas-Pipe Sizes / 14.50
14.24 Estimating Gas Consumption / 14.50
14.25 Gas-Pipe Materials / 14.51
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
14.26 Sprinkler Systems / 14.52
14.27 Automatic Sprinklers / 14.53
14.28 Types of Sprinkler Systems / 14.54
14.29 System Design / 14.59
14.30 Standpipes / 14.63
14.31 Water Supplies for Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems / 14.64
14.32 Central Station Supervisory Systems / 14.65
14.33 Additional Information / 14.65

Section 15 Electrical Systems James M. Bannon 15.1
15.1 Electrical Power / 15.2
15.2 Direct-Current Systems / 15.2
15.3 Alternating-Current Systems / 15.5
15.4 Electrical Loads / 15.12
15.5 Emergency Power / 15.14
15.6 Electrical Conductors and Raceways / 15.15
15.7 Power System Apparatus / 15.20
15.8 Electrical Distribution in Buildings / 15.29
15.9 Circuit and Conductor Calculations / 15.34
15.10 Light and Sight / 15.45
15.11 Quality of Light / 15.51
15.12 Color Rendering with Lighting / 15.54
15.13 Quantity of Light / 15.55
15.14 Lighting Methods / 15.58
15.15 Daylight / 15.60
15.16 Characteristics of Lamps / 15.60
15.17 Characteristics of Lighting Fixtures / 15.68
15.18 Systems Design of Lighting / 15.72
15.19 Special Electrical Systems / 15.73
15.20 Electrical Systems Bibliography / 15.77

Section 16 Vertical Circulation Steven D. Edgett
and Allen M. Williams 16.1
16.1 Classification of Vertical Circulation Systems / 16.1
16.2 Ramps / 16.2
16.3 Stairs / 16.5
16.4 Escalators / 16.11
16.5 Elevator Installations / 16.18
16.6 Definitions of Elevator Terms / 16.19
16.7 Elevator Hoistways / 16.22
16.8 Elevator Cars / 16.26
16.9 Electric Elevators / 16.28
16.10 Hydraulic Elevators / 16.35
16.11 Planning for Passenger Elevators / 16.37
16.12 Dumbwaiters / 16.45
16.13 Conveyers and Pneumatic Tubes / 16.45
16.14 Mail Chutes / 16.47

Section 17 Construction Project Management Robert F. Borg 17.1
17.1 Types of Construction Companies / 17.1
17.2 Construction Company Organization / 17.3
17.3 Contractors’ Business Consultants / 17.6
17.4 Sources of Business / 17.7
17.5 What Constitutes the Contract Documents? / 17.9
17.6 Major Concerns with Building Codes / 17.11
17.7 Estimating, Bidding, and Costs / 17.11
17.8 Types of Bids and Contracts / 17.12
17.9 Professional Construction Managers / 17.15
17.10 Contract Administration / 17.16
17.11 Purchase Orders / 17.28
17.12 Scheduling and Expediting / 17.30
17.13 Fast Tracking / 17.34
17.14 Changes, Claims, and Dispute Resolution / 17.36
17.15 Insurance / 17.42
17.16 Construction Contract Bonds / 17.52
17.17 Trade Payment Breakdowns and Payments / 17.54
17.18 Cost Records / 17.56
17.19 Accounting Methods / 17.61
17.20 Safety / 17.62
17.21 Community Relations / 17.63
17.22 Relations with Public Agencies in Executing Construction Operations / 17.64
17.23 Labor Relations / 17.65
17.24 Social and Environmental Concerns in Construction / 17.67
17.25 Systems Building / 17.69
17.26 Basics of Successful Management / 17.70

Section 18 Communications Systems Tom Nevling 18.1
18.1 Glossary / 18.1
18.2 Grounding / 18.8
18.3 Communications Room and Communications Closet Layout / 18.10
18.4 Wiring Diagrams / 18.11
18.5 Fiberoptic Cable / 18.13
18.6 Fiberoptic Connectors / 18.16
18.7 Horizontal Cabling / 18.17
18.8 Budget / 18.20
18.9 Links / 18.26

Section 19 Construction Cost Estimating Colman J. Mullin 19.1
19.1 Composition of Project Price / 19.1
19.2 Estimating Direct Costs / 19.2
19.3 Estimating Contingency Costs / 19.7
19.4 Estimating Margin (Markup) / 19.8
19.5 Sample Estimate / 19.9
19.6 Reviewing Estimates / 19.14
19.7 Computer Estimating / 19.14

Appendix Factors for Conversion to the Metric System (SI) of Units
Frederick S. Merritt A.1
Index I.1"