Pulse Digital Switching Wave – Jacob Millman, Herbert Taub – 1st Edition

CONTENTS

1. REVIEW OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

1-1. Equivalent Circuit of a Vacuum Tube

1-2. Voltage Feedback in Amplifiers . 4

1-3. Current Feedback in Amplifiers . 5

1-4. Illustrations of Current and Voltage Feedback. 6

1-5. Some Characteristics of Feedback Amplifiers 8

1-6. The Cathode Follower. 11

1-7. Graphical Analysis of the Cathode Follower 13

1-8. Practical Cathode-follower Circuits. 15

1-9. Characteristics and Applications of the Cathode Follower 17

1-10. Cathode-follower-type Circuits . 17

1-11. The Operational Amplifier 22

1-12. The Principle of the Virtual Ground in Operational Amplifiers 24

1-13. Basic Uses of Operational Amplifiers 25

2. LINEAR WAVE SHAPING: RC, RL, AND RLC CIRCUITS. 28

2-1. The High-pass RC Circuit 28

2-2. The High-pass RC Circuit as a Differentiator 36

2-3. Double Differentiation. 39

2-4. The Low-pass RC Circuit. 40

2-5. The Low-pass RC Circuit as an Integrator. 46

2-6. RL Circuits. 47

2-7. RLC Circuits 48

2-8. Ringing Circuit. 52

3. LINEAR PULSE AMPLIFIERS 58

3-1. The RC Coupled Amplifier Stage 58

3-2. Steady-state Analysis of an Amplifier 59

3-3. Amplitude and Time-delay Response of an RC Coupled Amplifier

3-4. Unit Step Response of an Amplifier. 63

3-5. Transient Response of an RC Coupled Amplifier Stage 65

3-6. Shunt Compensation to Improve Rise-time Response. 67

3-7. Additional Methods of Rise-time Compensation . 72

3-8. Rise-time Response of Cascaded RC Coupled Amplifiers. 74

3-9. Rise-time Response of Cascaded Amplifiers with Overshoot. 76

3-10. Attenuators. 77

3-11. Rise-time Compensation in the Cathode Circuit 81

3-12. The Oathode Follower at High Frequencies 85

3-13. Low-frequency Compensation 89

3-14. Effect of a Cathode Bypass Capacitor on Low-frequency Response. 93

3-15. Effect of Screen Bypass on Low-frequency Response . 95

3-16. Flat-top Response of Cascaded Stages 96

3-17. The Totem-pole Amplifier. 99

3-18. Cathode Interface Resistance. 101

4. NONLINEAR WAVE SHAPING 104

4-1. Diode Characteristics. 104

4-2. Triode Characteristics. 106

4-3. Clipping or Limiting Circuits. 111

4-4. Compensation for Cathode-temperature Changes in Selectors 117

4-5. Clamping Circuits. 119

4-6. Synchronized Clamping . 126

4-7. Tubes Used as Switches . 129

4-8. An Overdriven Two-stage RC-coupled Amplifier 135

4-9. Cathode Follower with Capacitive Load 138

5. THE BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR. 140

5-1. The Stable States of a Binary 140

5-2. The Self-biased Binary 144

5-3. Commutating Capacitors. 146

5-4. Regeneration in a Binary. 147

5-5. Resolving Time in a Binary 150

5-6. Methods of Improving Resolution 152

5-7. Triggering of the Binary . 156

5-8. Unsymmetrical Triggering through a Triggering Tube 159

5-9. Symmetrical Triggering . 161

5-10. The Cathode-coupled Binary. 164

5-11. Hysteresis in the Cathode-coupled Binary . 168

5-12. Cathode Interface Resistance in the Binary 172

6. MONOSTABLE AND ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS 174

6-1. The Plate-coupled Monostable Multi-The Stable State. 174

6-2. The Quasi-stable State 175

6-3. Waveforms of Plate-coupled Multi . 178

6-4. The Influence of Tube Current II on Waveforms. 183

6-5. Recovery Time in a Monostable Multi . 184

6-6. The Cathode-coupled Monostable Multi Waveforms. 187

6-7. Overshoots in Cathode-coupled Multi . 190

6-8. Linearity of Delay of Cathode-coupled Multi 193

6-9. The Influence of E on Waveforms . 195

6-10. Triggering of the Monostable Multi. 195

6-11. The Monostable Circuit Adjusted for Free-running Operation 197

6-12. The Astable Plate-coupled Multi. 199

7. VOLTAGE TIME-BASE GENERATORS. 202

7-1. General Features of a Time-base Signal. 202

7-2. The Thyratron Sweep Circuits . 204

7-3. Vacuum-tube Sweep Circuit . 208

7-4. Circuits to Improve Sweep Linearity 213

7-5. The Miller Sweep . 217

7-6. Pentode Miller Sweep with Suppressor Gating.

7-7. Phantastron Circuits .

7-8. The Bootstrap Sweep.

7-9. Additional Methods of Linearity Improvement

8. CURRENT TIME-BASE GENERATORS

8-1. The Generator Waveform. 236

8-2. Effect of the Omission of the Impulsive Component of Current. 238

8-3. Current Drivers 240

8-4. Methods of Linearity Improvement. 244

8-5. Illustrative Current-sweep Circuits . 247

8-6. Television Sweep Circuit. 248

9. PULSE TRANSFORMERS AND BLOCKING OSCILLATORS 253

9-1. Equivalent Circuit. 253

9-2. Transformer Inductance Parameters. 256

9-3. Transformer Capacitances 259

9-4. Ferrite Cup-core Transformers . 261

9-5. Rise-time Response of a Transformer 263

9-6. The Flat Top of the Pulse 265

9-7. Decay-time Response of a Transformer. 267

9-8. Pulse-transformer Design Considerations 271

9-9. The Blocking Oscillator . 272

9-10. The Blocking-oscillator Rise Time . 275

9-11. The Blocking-oscillator Pulse Amplitude 276

9-12. The Blocking-oscillator Pulse Width. 278

9-13. The Blocking-oscillator Backswing . 280

9-14. The Blocking-oscillator Period 281

9-15. The Blocking-oscillator Output Impedance. 282

9-16. The Blocking-oscillator Output Terminals 282

9-17. The Monostable Blocking Oscillator. 283

9-18. Applications of Blocking Oscillators. 284

10. ELECTROMAGNETIC DELAY LINES 286

10-1. Distributed-parameter Lines. 286

10-2. Lumped-parameter Delay Lines. 291

10-3. Reflections on Transmission Lines 299

10-4. Delay-line Control of a Blocking Oscillator. 305

10-5. Pulse Coders 307

10-6. Pulse Decoders. 309

10-7. Distributed Amplifiers. 315

10-8. Distributed Amplifiers in Cascade 318

10-9. Practical Considerations in Distributed Amplifiers 319

11. COUNTING 323

11-1. The Binary Chain as a Divider 323

11-2. The Binary Chain as a Counter. 325

11-3. Counting to a Base Other than 2 327

11-4. Improvement of Resolution in a Binary Chain with Feedback 329

11-5. Additional Types of Decade Counters 330

11-6. Reversible Binary Counter 335

11-7. A Special Gas-filled Counter Tube . 335

11-8. A Vacuum-type Counter Tube 339

11-9. Ring Counters . 343

11-10. Application of Counters . 344

11-11. Storage Counters . 346

11-12. Linearization of Storage Counters 350

11-13. Applications of Storage Counters 352

12. SYNCHRONIZATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION 355

12-1. Pulse Synchronization of Relaxation Devices 355

12-2. Frequency Division in the Thyratron Sweep 358

12-3. Other Astable Relaxation Circuits . 360

12-4. Monostable Relaxation Circuits as Dividers 363

12-5. Stability of Relaxation Dividers. 364

12-6. Stabilization of Frequency Dividers by Resonant Circuits 368

12-7. Synchronization of a Thyratron Sweep with Sinusoidal Signals. 372

12-8. Sine-wave Frequency Division with a Thyratron Sweep . 377

12-9. Sine-wave Synchronization of Other Relaxation Devices. 378

12-10. A Sinusoidal Divider Using Regeneration and Modulation 382

12-11. The Locked Oscillator as a Divider . 384

12-12. Synchronization of a Sinusoidal Oscillator with Pulses 386

13. DIGITAL COMPUTER CIRCUITS 392

13-1. Some Features of a Digital Computer 392

13-2. The OR Circuit. 394

13-3. The AND Circuit. 397

13-4. The NOT Circuit . 400

13-5. The INHIBITOR Circuit. 401

13-6. An Example of a Switching Circuit . 404

13-7. The AND Circuit Used for Pulse Reshaping 407

13-8. Regenerative Broadening. 409

13-9. The EXCLUSIVELY-OR Circuit 411

13-10. Registers 411

13-11. Dynamic Registers. 413

13-12. The Dynamic Binary 415

13-13. The Havens Delay Circuit 416

13-14. Binary Addition 419

13-15. Code-operated Multiposition Switch. 422

13-16. Magnetic-core Binary Elements. 425

13-17. Applications of Magnetic Binary Cores. 425

14. TRANSMISSION GATES 429

14-1. Basic Operating Principle of Gates

14-2. Unidirectional Diode Gate

14-3. An Application of the Unidirectional Diode Gate.

14-4. Other Forms of the Unidirectional Diode Gate.

14-5. Bidirectional Gates Using Multielement Tubes

14-6. Reduction of Pedestal in a Gate Circuit

14-7. A Bidirectional Diode Gate .

14-8. Balance Conditions in a Bidirectional Diode Gate.

14-9. Signal Input Impedance and Connections

14-10. Effect of Circuit Capacitances. Example

14-11. Four-diode Gate

14-12. Six-diode Gate.

14-13. Synchronous Clamp

14-14. Operation of Synchronous Clamp.

14-15. Balance Conditions in Synchronous Clamp.

a-16. Other Forms of Gating and Clamping Circuits.

15. VOLTAGE COMPARATORS

15-1. Applications of Voltage Comparator:=

15-2. ClaslSification of Comparator Circuits

15-3. A Diode in Cascade with a Nonregellerative Amplifier

15-4. Factors Affecting Comparator Operation

15-5. A Tube Operating at Cutoff

15-6. Regenerative Comparators

15-7. The Multiar.

15-8. Blocking-oscillator Comparator

15-9. The A-C Coupled Multivibrator Comparator

15-10. The D-C Cathode-coupled Multivibrator Comparator

15-11. A Gas-tube Comparator Used as a Switch

15-12. Comparators for Sinusoidal Voltages

15-13. Amplifiers for Comparators .

16. TIME MODULATION AND MEASUREMENT 485

16-1. Time-base Modulation Systems . 485

16-2. Comparison of Bootstrap and Miller Time-base Generators. 487

16-3. An Analogue-to-Digital Converter . 491

16-4. Phase-modulation System. 494

16-5. Phase-shifting Devices and Circuits. 495

16-6. Multiple-scale Modulation 499

16-7. Delay-line Modulation. 501

16-8. Pulsed Oscillators . 504

16-9. Double-scale Time-modulation Systems, Externally Synchronized 506

16-10. Time Measurements . 508

17. PULSE AND DIGITAL SYSTEMS 515

17-1. Fundamental Principles of Television Transmission

17-2. Interlaced Scanning

17-3. Composite Television Signal .

17-4. The Synchronizing Signal.

17-5. Signal Separation at the Receiver

17-6. The Synchronizing Signal Generator.

17-7. Synthesis of Composite Television Signal

17-8. Bandwidth Requirements of a Television Channel.

17-9. Basic Elements of a Radar System

17-10. Type A and R Indicators.

17-11. Plan-position Indicator, PPI .

17-12. Resolved Sweeps .

17-13. Other Types of Displays .

17-14. Electronic Marking on a Display

18. TRANSISTORS IN PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

18-1. Semiconductors.

18-2. Donor and Acceptor Impurities .

18-3. Drift and Diffusion 551

18-4. The p-n Junction . 552

18-5. The Junction Transistor 556

18-6. Characteristics of Transistors-The Grounded-base Configuration 559

18-7. The Grounded-emitter Configuration 562

18-8. The Grounded-collector Configuration . 564

18-9. A Vacuum Tube-Transistor Analogy 564

18-10. Voltage and Current Limits in Transistor Switching Circuits 567

18-11. A Linear Equivalent Circuit for a Transistor . 568

18-12. Transistors as Small-signal Amplifiers . 573

18-13. Comparison of Transistor Amplifier Configurations 575

18-14. Equivalent Circuit of a Transistor at High Frequencies 578

18-15. Transient Response of Transistors 581

18-16. Effect of Collector Capacitance 584

18-17. Delay Time in a Transistor . 585

18-18. Storage Time in a Transistor. 586

18-19. Over-all Transistor Response. 587

18-20. Analytic Expressions for Transistor Characteristics 589

18-21. DC Conditions in Cutoff and Saturation Regions. 593

18-22. A Transistor Binary Circuit . 595

18-23. A Direct-connected Binary Circuit . 598

18-24. Monostable and Astable Transistor Multivibrators 599

18-25. The Blocking Oscillator 602

18-26. Logical Circuits. 604