Automotive Aerodynamics – Joseph Katz – 1st Edition

Series Preface

Preface

1. Introduction and Basic Principles

   1. Introduction
   2. Aerodynamics as a Subset of Fluid Dynamics
   3. Dimensions and Units
   4. Automobile/Vehicle Aerodynamics
   5. General Features of Fluid Flow

      1. Continuum
      2. Laminar and Turbulent Flow
      3. Attached and Separated Flow

   6. Properties of Fluids

      1. Density
      2. Pressure
      3. Temperature
      4. Viscosity
      5. Specific Heat
      6. Heat Transfer Coefficient, k
      7. Modulus of Elasticity, E
      8. Vapor Pressure

   7. Advanced Topics: Fluid Properties and the Kinetic Theory of Gases
   8. Summary and Concluding Remarks
   9. Reference
   10. Problems

2. The Fluid Dynamic Equations

   1. Introduction
   2. Description of Fluid Motion
   3. Choice of Coordinate System
   4. Pathlines, Streak Lines, and Streamlines
   5. Forces in a Fluid
   6. Integral Form of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
   7. Differential Form of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
   8. The Material Derivative
   9. Alternate Derivation of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
   10. Example for an Analytic Solution: Two-Dimensional, Inviscid Incompressible, Vortex Flow

       1. Velocity Induced by a Straight Vortex Segment
       2. Angular Velocity, Vorticity, and Circulation

   11. Summary and Concluding Remarks
   12. References
   13. Problems

3. One-Dimensional (Frictionless) Flow

   1. Introduction
   2. The Bernoulli Equation
   3. Summary of One-Dimensional Tools
   4. Applications of the One-Dimensional Friction-Free Flow Model

      1. Free Jets
      2. Examples for Using the Bernoulli Equation
      3. Simple Models for Time-Dependent Changes in a Control Volume

   5. Flow Measurements (Based on Bernoulli’s Equation)

      1. The Pitot Tube
      2. The Venturi Tube
      3. The Orifice
      4. Nozzles and Injectors

   6. Summary and Conclusions
   7. Problems

4. Dimensional Analysis, High Reynolds Number Flows, and Definition of Aerodynamics

   1. Introduction
   2. Dimensional Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Equations
   3. The Process of Simplifying the Governing Equations
   4. Similarity of Flows
   5. High Reynolds Number Flow and Aerodynamics
   6. High Reynolds Number Flows and Turbulence
   7. Summary and Conclusions
   8. References
   9. Problems

5. The Laminar Boundary Layer

   1. Introduction
   2. Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Model – The Integral Approach
   3. Solutions using the von Kármán Integral Equation
   4. Summary and Practical Conclusions
   5. Effect of Pressure Gradient
   6. Advanced Topics: The Two-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layer Equations

      1. Summary of the Exact Blasius Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer

   7. Concluding Remarks
   8. References
   9. Problems

6. High Reynolds Number Incompressible Flow Over Bodies: Automobile Aerodynamics

   1. Introduction
   2. The Inviscid Irrotational Flow (and Some Math)
   3. Advanced Topics: A More Detailed Evaluation of the Bernoulli Equation
   4. The Potential Flow Model

      1. Methods for Solving the Potential Flow Equations
      2. The Principle of Superposition

   5. Two-Dimensional Elementary Solutions

      1. Polynomial Solutions
      2. Two-Dimensional Source (or Sink)
      3. Two-Dimensional Doublet
      4. Two-Dimensional Vortex
      5. Advanced Topics: Solutions Based on Green’s Identity

   6. Superposition of a Doublet and a Free-Stream: Flow Over a Cylinder
   7. Fluid Mechanic Drag

      1. The Drag of Simple Shapes
      2. The Drag of More Complex Shapes

   8. Periodic Vortex Shedding
   9. The Case for Lift

      1. A Cylinder with Circulation in a Free Stream
      2. Two-Dimensional Flat Plate at a Small Angle of Attack
      3. Note About the Center of Pressure

   10. Lifting Surfaces: Wings and Airfoils

       1. The Two-Dimensional Airfoil
       2. An Airfoil’s Lift
       3. An Airfoil’s Drag
       4. An Airfoil Stall
       5. The Effect of Reynolds Number
       6. Three-Dimensional Wings

   11. Summary of High Reynolds Number Aerodynamics
   12. Concluding Remarks
   13. References
   14. Problems

7. Automotive Aerodynamics: Examples

   1. Introduction
   2. Generic Trends (For Most Vehicles)

      1. Ground Effect
      2. Generic Automobile Shapes and Vortex Flows

   3. Downforce and Vehicle Performance
   4. How to Generate Downforce
   5. Tools Used for Aerodynamic Evaluations

      1. Example for Aero Data Collection: Wind Tunnels
      2. Wind Tunnel Wall/Floor Interference
      3. Simulation of Moving Ground
      4. Expected Results and Measurement Techniques

   6. Variable (Adaptive) Aerodynamic Devices
   7. Vehicle Examples

      1. Passenger Cars
      2. Pickup Trucks
      3. Motorcycles
      4. Competition Cars (Enclosed Wheel)
      5. Open-Wheel Racecars

   8. Concluding Remarks
   9. References
   10. Problems

8. Introduction to Computational Fluid Mechanics (CFD)

   1. Introduction
   2. The Finite-Difference Formulation
   3. Discretization and Grid Generation
   4. The Finite-Difference Equation
   5. The Solution: Convergence and Stability
   6. The Finite-Volume Method
   7. Example: Viscous Flow Over a Cylinder
   8. Potential-Flow Solvers: Panel Methods
   9. Summary
   10. References
   11. Problems

9. Viscous Incompressible Flow: “Exact Solutions”

   1. Introduction
   2. The Viscous Incompressible Flow Equations (Steady State)
   3. Coutte Flow and Poiseuille Flow
   4. Hydrodynamic Bearing (Reynolds Lubrication Theory)
   5. Flow in Circular Pipes
   6. Laminar Flow between Concentric Pipes
   7. Laminar Flow between Rotating Cylinders
   8. Darcy Formula and Pipe Flow Losses
   9. Reynolds Dye Experiment
   10. Network of Pipes
   11. Free Vortex in a Pool
   12. Summary and Concluding Remarks
   13. Reference
   14. Problems

10. Fluid Machinery

    1. Introduction
    2. Work of a Continuous-Flow Machine
    3. The Axial Compressor
    4. The Centrifugal Compressor (or Pump)
    5. Axial Turbines
    6. Concluding Remarks
    7. Reference
    8. Problems

11. Elements of Heat Transfer

    1. Introduction
    2. Elementary Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
    3. Heat Conduction
    4. Heat Transfer by Convection
    5. Heat Exchangers
    6. Concluding Remarks
    7. References
    8. Problems

12. Automobile Aero-Acoustics

    1. Introduction
    2. Sound as a Pressure Wave
    3. Sound Loudness Scale
    4. The Human Ear Perception
    5. The One-Dimensional Linear Wave Equation
    6. Sound Radiation, Transmission, Reflection, Absorption
    7. Vortex Sound
    8. Example: Sound from a Shear Layer
    9. Buffeting
    10. Experimental Examples
    11. Sound and Flow Control
    12. Concluding Remarks
    13. References
    14. Problems

Appendix A

Appendix B

Index