Separation Process Engineering: Includes Mass Transfer Analysis – Phillip C. Wankat – 3rd Edition

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Nomenclature
Chapter 1: Introduction to Separation Process Engineering
1.1. Importance of Separations
1.2. Concept of Equilibrium
1.3. Mass Transfer
1.4. Problem-Solving Methods
1.5. Prerequisite Material
1.6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering
1.7. Summary–Objectives
References
Homework

Chapter 2: Flash Distillation
2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation
2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data
2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE
2.4. Binary Flash Distillation
2.5. Multicomponent VLE
2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation
2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence
2.8. Three-Phase Flash Calculations
2.9. Size Calculation
2.10. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums
2.11. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation
Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation

Chapter 3: Introduction to Column Distillation
3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade
3.2. Distillation Equipment
3.3. Specifications
3.4. External Column Balances
3.5. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework

Chapter 4: Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances
4.1. Internal Balances
4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods
4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method
4.4. Feed Line
4.5. Complete McCabe-Thiele Method
4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation
4.7. Open Steam Heating
4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure
4.9. Other Distillation Column Situations
4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions
4.11. Efficiencies
4.12. Simulation Problems
4.13. New Uses for Old Columns
4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup
4.15. Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods
4.16. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix A. Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation
Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Binary Binary Distillation

Chapter 5: Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
5.1. Calculational Difficulties
5.2. Stage-By-Stage Calculations for Constant Molal Overflow and Constant Relative Volatility
5.3. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation
5.4. Bubble-Point and Dew-Point Equilibrium Calculations
5.3. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Spreadsheet Calculations for Ternary Distillation with Constant Relative Volatility

Chapter 6: Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation
6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation
6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form
6.3. Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures
6.4. Temperature Convergence
6.5. Energy Balances in Matrix Form
6.6. Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method
6.7. Discussion
6.8. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation

Chapter 7: Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation
7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation
7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations
7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio
7.4. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework

Chapter 8: Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods
8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators
8.2. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes
8.3. Steam Distillation
8.4. Two-Pressure Distillation Processes
8.5. Complex Ternary Distillation Systems
8.6. Extractive Distillation
8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent
8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction
8.9. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems

Chapter 9: Batch Distillation
9.1. Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation
9.2. Simple Binary Batch Distillation
9.3. Constant-Level Batch Distillation
9.4. Batch Steam Distillation
9.5. Multistage Batch Distillation
9.6. Operating Time
9.7. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework

Chapter 10: Staged and Packed Column Design
10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description
10.2. Tray Efficiencies
10.3. Column Diameter Calculations
10.4. Balancing Calculated Diameters
10.5. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics
10.6. Valve Tray Design
10.7. Introduction to Packed Column Design
10.8. Packed Column Internals
10.9. Height of Packing: HETP Method
10.10. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation
10.11. Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns
10.12. Choice of Column Type
10.13. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Tray And Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator

Chapter 11: Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation
11.1. Distillation Costs
11.2. Operating Effects on Costs
11.3. Changes in Plant Operating Rates
11.4. Energy Conservation in Distillation
11.5. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation
11.6. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems
11.7. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework

Chapter 12: Absorption and Stripping
12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria
12.2. McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption
12.3. Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems
12.4. Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation
12.5. Efficiencies
12.6. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems
12.7. Column Diameter
12.8. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers
12.9. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers
12.10. Irreversible Absorption and Co-Current Cascades
12.11. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping

Chapter 13: Liquid-Liquid Extraction
13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment
13.2. Countercurrent Extraction
13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction
13.4. Immiscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction
13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction
13.6. Immiscible Batch Extraction
13.7. Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems
13.8. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule
13.9. Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems
13.10. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades for Partially Miscible Systems
13.11. Relationship between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems
13.12. Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems
13.13. Extraction Computer Simulations
13.14. Design of Mixer-Settlers
13.15. Introduction to Design of Reciprocating-Plate (Karr) Columns
13.16. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction

Chapter 14: Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction
14.1. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures
14.2. Washing
14.3. Leaching with Constant Flow Rates
14.4. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates
14.5. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
14.6. Application to Other Separations
14.7. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework

Chapter 15: Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer
15.1. Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer
15.2. Fickian Model of Diffusivity
15.3. Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities
15.4. Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems
15.5. Correlations for Mass-Transfer Coefficients
15.6. Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model
15.7. Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer
15.8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass-Transfer Models
15.9. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Spreadsheet for Example 15-6

Chapter 16: Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction
16.1. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns
16.2. Relationship of HETP and HTU
16.3. Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers
16.4. HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers
16.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Co-Current Absorbers
16.6. Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency
16.7. Mass-Transfer Analysis of Extraction
16.8. Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation
16.9. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation

Chapter 17: Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes
17.1. Membrane Separation Equipment
17.2. Membrane Concepts
17.3. Gas Permeation
17.4. Reverse Osmosis
17.5. Ultrafiltration (UF)
17.6. Pervaporation (PERVAP)
17.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects
17.8. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Spreadsheets for Flow Pattern Calculations for Gas Permeation

Chapter 18: Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
18.1. Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium
18.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography
18.3. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Thermal and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds
18.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis
18.6. Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds
18.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems
18.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems
18.9. Checklist for Practical Design and Operation
18.10. Summary/Objectives
References
Homework
Appendix. Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator
Appendix A: Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations
Appendix B: Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus
Appendix C: Unit Conversions and Physical Constants
Appendix D:Data Locations

Answers to Selected Problems
Index