Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps – A. R. Trott, T Welch, G. H. Hundy – 5th Edition

Chapter 1: Fundamentals
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Temperature, work and heat
1.3. Heat and enthalpy
1.4. Boiling point
1.5. General gas laws
1.6. Dalton’s law
1.7. The pressure – enthalpy chart
1.8. Heat transfer
1.9. Transient heat flow
1.10. Two-phase heat transfer

Chapter 2: The Refrigeration Cycle
2.1. Ideal cycle
2.2. Simple vapour compression cycle
2.3. Practical considerations and COP
2.4. Multistage cycles
2.5. Transcritical carbon dioxide cycles
2.6. Heat powered cycles
2.7. Other processes

Chapter 3: Refrigerants
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Ideal properties for a refrigerant
3.3. Ozone depletion potential
3.4. Global warming potential
3.5. Nomenclature
3.6. Refrigerant blends and glide
3.7. Legislation
3.8. Containment and training
3.9. Refrigerant applications
3.10. Refrigerants and efficiency
3.11. Health and safety
3.12. Innovation

Chapter 4: Compressors
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The piston compression process
4.3. Multi-cylinder compressors
4.4. Valves
4.5. Capacity reduction
4.6. Enclosed motors
4.7. Open compressors
4.8. Cooling and protection
4.9. Strainers, lubrication and crankcase heaters
4.10. Compressor efficiency
4.11. Screw compressors
4.12. Scroll compressors
4.13. Sliding and rotary vane compressors
4.14. Dynamic compressors
4.15. Refrigerant suitability

Chapter 5: Oil in Refrigerant Circuits
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Requirements and characteristics
5.3. Moisture and AIR contamination
5.4. Oil separators
5.5. Oil circulation
5.6. Oil properties summary

Chapter 6: Condensers and Cooling Towers
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Heat to be removed
6.3. Air-cooled condensers
6.4. Water-cooled condensers
6.5. Cooling towers and dry coolers
6.6. Evaporative condensers
6.7. Water treatment
6.8. Condenser maintenance
6.9. Legionella
6.10. Design considerations
6.11. Low ambient operation
6.12. Receivers
6.13. Heat-pump condensers

Chapter 7: Evaporators
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Air cooling evaporators
7.3. Liquid cooling evaporators
7.4. Plate evaporators for freezing
7.5. Defrosting
7.6. Condensate pumps

Chapter 8: Expansion Valves
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Thermostatic expansion valves
8.3. External equaliser
8.4. Electronic expansion valves
8.5. Capillary tubes and restrictors
8.6. Low-pressure float valves and switches
8.7. High-pressure float valves
8.8. Other level controls

Chapter 9: Controls and Other Circuit Components
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Main control functions
9.3. Safety and protection devices
9.4. Oil-pressure switches
9.5. Pressure and temperature indicators
9.6. Solenoid valves
9.7. Evaporator pressure regulation valves
9.8. Hot gas by-pass valves
9.9. Shut-off valves
9.10. Filter-driers
9.11. Sight glasses
9.12. Suction accumulators
9.13. Suction-to-liquid heat exchangers
9.14. Condenser pressure regulators
9.15. Strainers
9.16. Charging connection
9.17. Check valves
9.18. Liquid refrigerant pumps

Chapter 10: Component Selection and Balancing
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Criteria and options
10.3. Evaporating temperature
10.4. Evaporator
10.5. Compressor
10.6. Condenser
10.7. Expansion valve
10.8. Sizing pipe and other components
10.9. Re-check components

Chapter 11: Installation and Construction
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Materials
11.3. Pressure safety and containment
11.4. Pipe-joining methods
11.5. Piping for oil return
11.6. Siting, access and pipe supports
11.7. Instruments
11.8. Rising liquid lines
11.9. Vibration
11.10. Cleanliness of piping
11.11. Evacuation
11.12. Charging with refrigerant
11.13. Insulation
11.14. Water circuits
11.15. Non-condensable gases

Chapter 12: Distributed Cooling and Heating
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Refrigerant circulation
12.3. Chilled water
12.4. Baudelot coolers and ice bank coils
12.5. Ice manufacture
12.6. Secondary coolants
12.7. Phase change materials as secondary coolants
12.8. Thermal storage

Chapter 13: Packaged Units
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Condensing units
13.3. Compressor packs
13.4. Chillers and air cooling packages
13.5. Split packages
13.6. Testing of packaged units
13.7. Other packages

Chapter 14: Food Refrigeration and Freezing
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Pre-storage treatment
14.3. Pre-cooling
14.4. Freezing
14.5. Quick freezing
14.6. Contact freezing
14.7. Freeze drying
14.8. Post-storage operations

Chapter 15: Cold Storage and Refrigeration Load Estimation
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Cold storage loads
15.3. Product cooling
15.4. Conducted and radiated heat
15.5. Convected heat
15.6. Internal heat sources
15.7. Heat of respiration
15.8. Packing and handling
15.9. Frost avoidance
15.10. Insulation and vapour barriers
15.11. Sectional cold rooms
15.12. Cold store construction
15.13. Floors
15.14. Frost heave
15.15. Fire risk
15.16. Door and safety exits
15.17. Interior finish and fittings
15.18. Evaporators
15.19. Automated cold stores
15.20. Security of operation

Chapter 16: Food Refrigeration – Product by Product
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Meat industry applications
16.3. Boned, boxed and processed meats
16.4. Pork and bacon
16.5. Poultry
16.6. Fish
16.7. Milk and milk products
16.8. Ice cream
16.9. Beer and brewing
16.10. Wines and spirits
16.11. Soft drinks
16.12. Fruits
16.13. Vegetables
16.14. Bakery products
16.15. Ready meals
16.16. Chocolate

Chapter 17: The Cold Chain – Transport, Storage, Retail
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Air transport
17.3. Sea and intermodal transport
17.4. Road and rail transport
17.5. Logistics
17.6. Refrigerated display
17.7. Retail refrigeration
17.8. Transition to low gwp refrigerants

Chapter 18: Industrial Applications
18.1. Introduction
18.2. R717 and R744 industrial systems
18.3. Chilled liquids for cooling
18.4. Solvent recovery
18.5. Low-temperature liquid storage and transport
18.6. De-waxing of oils
18.7. Ice and snow sports
18.8. Cooling concrete
18.9. Ground freezing
18.10. Low-temperature testing
18.11. Chemical industry

Chapter 19: Air and Water Vapour Mixtures
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Calculation of properties
19.3. Moisture content, percentage saturation, and relative humidity
19.4. Dew point
19.5. Wet bulb temperature
19.6. The psychrometric chart
19.7. Effects on human comfort
19.8. Climatic conditions
19.9. Other comfort factors
19.10. Air quality

Chapter 20: Air Treatment Fundamentals
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Heating
20.3. Mixing of airstreams
20.4. Sensible cooling
20.5. Water spray (adiabatic saturation)
20.6. Steam injection
20.7. Air washer with chilled water
20.8. Cooling and dehumidifying coil
20.9. Sensible–latent ratio
20.10. Multi-step processes
20.11. Process analysis

Chapter 21: Practical Air Treatment
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Heating
21.3. Cooling
21.4. Dehumidification
21.5. Numerical Examples

Chapter 22: Air Conditioning Load Estimation
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Components of load
22.3. Conduction heat gains
22.4. Solar heat
22.5. Fresh air
22.6. Internal heat sources
22.7. Assessment of total load estimates

Chapter 23: Air Movement
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Static and total pressure
23.3. Measuring devices
23.4. Fans
23.5. Fan laws and fan control
23.6. Flow of air in ducts
23.7. Flow of air under kinetic energy
23.8. Flow of air in a room
23.9. Grilles
23.10. Return air
23.11. Textile ducting
23.12. Air filtration
23.13. Cleanliness and cleaning of ducting

Chapter 24: Air Conditioning Methods and Applications
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Air handling units
24.3. Fan coil units
24.4. Integral units
24.5. Underfloor systems
24.6. Static cooling devices
24.7. Packaged units and split systems
24.8. Transport air conditioning
24.9. Data centre cooling applications
24.10. Dehumification applications

Chapter 25: Heat Pumps and Integrated Systems
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Heat recovery and reversible air conditioners
25.3. Ground source heat pumps
25.4. Air source heat pumps
25.5. Heat delivery in residential and commercial heat pumps
25.6. VRV/VRF systems
25.7. Two-pipe systems
25.8. Hybrid heat pumps
25.9. Engine-driven and heat powered heat pumps
25.10. Heat recovery from refrigeration installations

Chapter 26: Control Systems
26.1. Introduction
26.2. The control loop
26.3. Detectors and sensors
26.4. Controllers
26.5. Controlled devices
26.6. Controls communications
26.7. Control system planning
26.8. Commissioning of control systems
26.9. The internet of things

Chapter 27: Commissioning and Maintenance
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Specification
27.3. Commissioning
27.4. Performance measurements
27.5. Planned maintenance
27.6. Repairs and modifications
27.7. Faultfinding
27.8. Running log
27.9. Leak testing
27.10. Mandatory inspections
27.11. Training and competence

Chapter 28: Efficiency, Running Cost and Carbon Footprint
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Energy efficiency, COP and SEI
28.3. Energy efficiency, practical considerations
28.4. Running cost
28.5. Life cycle cost analysis
28.6. Heat pump/boiler comparison
28.7. Efficiency standards, certification and labelling
28.8. Commitment to energy savings

Chapter 29: Noise and Vibration
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Noise sources
29.3. Noise transmission and attenuation
29.4. Noise perception
29.5. Some simple rules
29.6. Published information
29.7. Air system noise
29.8. Noise prediction software
29.9. Vibration

Chapter 30: Renewable Energy Innovations
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Renewable energy storage and availability
30.3. Efficiency
30.4. Examples
Appendix: Notes on Units of Measurement